Diabetic Kidney Disease - How Early Detection Can Help Prevent End Stage Renal Disease
Diabetes is a long-term condition that necessitates good glycemic control and risk-reduction strategies. In diabetic patients, the kidneys are one of the organs that could be affected by the disease. Renal dysfunction is a common symptom of diabetic kidney disease.
Author:Suleman ShahReviewer:Han JuJan 09, 202353K Shares1.1M Views
Diabetesis a long-term condition that necessitates good glycemic control and risk-reduction strategies. In diabetic patients, the kidneys are one of the organs that could be affected by the disease. Renal dysfunction is a common symptom of diabetic kidney disease.
Diabetic kidney diseasehas become more common as a result of the global epidemic of diabetes. Diabetes-related kidney disease causes serious problems that progress to various stages of renal failure.
This could lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases like heart attack and stroke in the future. In diabetic kidney disease, it's critical to assess the kidney's functional capacity and track the progression of the disease.
The biggest challenges are detecting it early on and preventing it from progressing, which will help diabetic kidney disease patients live longer.
What Is Diabetic Kidney Disease?
Diabetes damages your kidneys, which is known as diabetic kidney disease. Diabetic nephropathyis a term used to describe this condition. In severe cases, it can lead to kidney failure. However, kidney damage is not present in all diabetics.
Some Clinical Reports On Diabetic Kidney Disease
Previous research has shown that diabetic kidney disease is a chronic condition that develops over many years. Certain diabetes patients, on the other hand, experience a rapid decline in renal function. This could quickly progress to chronic kidney disease and, eventually, end-stage kidney failure if not recognized and diagnosed early. As a result, preventing renal failure becomes more difficult.
Diabetes and your kidneys - DiaBiteSize
Various pathways associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease involving a multifactorial interaction have been extensively researched over the last two decades; however, the precise mechanism underlying this interaction remains unknown. However, reports have suggested that interactions between metabolic and hemodynamic pathways, which often include glomerular hyperfiltration, progressive albuminuria, and declining glomerular filtration rate, play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic kidney disease.
Hyperaminoacidemia, a promoter of glomerular hyperfiltration and hyperperfusion, and hyperglycemia are also metabolic changes that cause a change in renal hemodynamics and promote inflammationand fibrosis in early diabetes. Glomerular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial inflammation, and fibrosis are all symptoms of these metabolic changes. Furthermore, oxidative stress is thought to play a role in the progression of diabetic kidney disease due to increased production of reactive oxygen species.
There is a strong link between urinary oxidative DNA damage biomarkers and the severity of microvascular diabetic complications, according to studies. The glomerular basement membrane thickens, endothelial fenestrations are lost, the mesangial matrix expands, and podocytes are lost as well.
Modern Diagnostic Tools Used To Detect Diabetic Kidney Disease
Novel biomarkers for detecting diabetic kidney disease progression and early therapeutic intervention to prevent kidney damage prior to a reduction in glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria are among the most advanced diagnostic tools available today. Biomarkers of glomerular and tubular injury, inflammation biomarkers, and oxidative biomarkers that precede albuminuria in some patients and may thus be useful for the early detection of diabetic kidney disease are some of the possible biomarkers that have been reported in studies in the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease.
Numerous urinary biomarkers, which are thought to be more sensitive diagnostic tools for early detection of diabetic kidney disease and its progression to end-stage kidney disease, have been proposed in recent studies. Tubular biomarkers have been identified as primary predictors of diabetic kidney disease, as tubular dysfunction occurs before microalbuminuria and glomerular injury, according to research.
Urinary tubular biomarkers, urinary microRNAs that regulate gene expression, and urine proteomics are all elevated before the appearance of microalbuminuria, suggesting that epigenetic factors may play a role in the disease's progression. The routine use of these biomarkers in future clinical trials would be helpful in diagnosing different stages of diabetic kidney disease and would lead to a better diabetic kidney disease outcome with a more effective therapeutic approach. However, these biomarkers are still being used in clinical trials, and their proficiency must be assessed.
For the prevention of diabetic kidney disease complications and progression to end-stage renal failure, researchers are focusing on new therapeutic interventions and techniques. Because diabetic kidney disease is still one of the leading causes of end-stage renal failure, it is estimated that 40% of diabetic patients will develop the disease, and a significant population will require renal replacement therapies (dialysis and/or transplantation) for end-stage renal failure, which is a significant socioeconomic and public healthissue.
Pathways Of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Over time, it has become clear that hyperglycemia is not the only cause of diabetic kidney disease, though it unquestionably plays a significant role. Several pathophysiologic pathways are involved in the development of diabetic kidney disease, and we will attempt to elucidate those pathways below in the hopes of shedding light on therapeutic options that could one day help to stop the diabetic kidney disease epidemic.
Hemodynamic Pathways Of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Increased angiotensin II levels are produced when the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated, resulting in efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction. Angiotensin II levels that are elevated in humans and mice are linked to increased albuminuria and nephropathy. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have a long historyof lowering creatinine doubling rates, albuminuria, and progression to nephropathy, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and death.
Inflammatory Pathways Of Diabetic Kidney Disease
The inflammatory pathway backs up the theory that diabetic kidney disease is caused by a chronically activated innate immune system and a low-grade inflammatory state in patients with diabetes, rather than just uncontrolled hemodynamics and hyperglycemia. Recent research on inflammatory-mediated renal injury has been summarized here.
NF-B is a transcription factor found in glomerular, interstitial, and tubular epithelial cells of the human kidney, where it regulates the expression of multiple genes related to inflammation, immunity, apoptosis, and chemoattractant protein-1, among others. It is well known that hyperglycemia boosts NF-κB expression. Proteinuria and interstitial cell infiltration are both linked to NF-κB activation in bicystic kidney disease. Proteinuria is known to stimulate NF-κB further, resulting in a cyclic pattern of persistent proteinuria.
Alternative Pathways Of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Autophagy is a well-studied protective mechanism that allows cells and organisms to maintain homeostasis in the face of cell starvation or oxidative stress. When a cell is stressed, lysosomes degrade cytotoxic proteins and organelles within the cell.
Obesity and diabetes have both been linked to reduced autophagic activity, implying that autophagy is hampered in the presence of hypernutrition. Autophagy is well-known in podocytes. Autophagy was found to be impaired in podocytes exposed to high glucose levels in vitro, resulting in podocyte injury.
When proximal tubular epithelial cells from obese patients were compared to nonobese patients, autophagic activity was found to be lower, suggesting that obese patients with diabetes may be more susceptible to renal injury due to suppressed autophagy. In rats, dietary restriction increased levels of Sirt1, a positive regulator of autophagy, and improved urinary albumin excretion and creatinine clearance.
People Also Ask
What Are The Signs Of Diabetic Kidney Disease?
- Needing to pass urine more often than usual.
- Puffiness around the eyes.
- Fluid retention which causes swollen feet and ankles.
- Muscle cramps.
- Dry, itchy skin.
- Weight loss.
- A poor appetite.
- Difficulty thinking clearly.
Can You Reverse Kidney Damage Caused By Diabetes?
Kidney damage can start ten to fifteen years after diabetes is diagnosed. The kidneys become less effective at cleansing the blood as the damage to them worsens. The kidneys may stop working if the damage is severe enough. Kidney damage is irreversible.
Can Diabetic Kidney Disease Be Cured?
Diabetic nephropathy does not have a cure, but treatments can help to slow or stop the disease's progression. Medications and lifestyle changes are used to keep blood sugar levels under control and blood pressure levels within the target range.
How Long Do Diabetics Live With Kidney Disease?
Early diabetic kidney disease (hazard ratio 2.01) and diabetes without CKD (hazard ratio 1.79) had nearly twice the mortality rate as early CKD (hazard ratio 2.01). The 16-year lifespan loss is much worse than the six-year or ten-year life span loss caused by early CKD or diabetes, respectively.
Conclusion
Diabetic kidney disease is still a common long-term diabetes complication. Detecting the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease and emphasizing the importance of early detection through the use of novel biomarkers will have a significant impact on the lives of patients who are otherwise asymptomatic.
Furthermore, recognizing the extent of renal function impairment early on in diabetes can aid in slowing the progression of kidney disease and the transition to end-stage kidney disease. Patients with diabetic kidney disease would experience fewer cardiovascular deaths as a result of this.
Suleman Shah
Author
Suleman Shah is a researcher and freelance writer. As a researcher, he has worked with MNS University of Agriculture, Multan (Pakistan) and Texas A & M University (USA). He regularly writes science articles and blogs for science news website immersse.com and open access publishers OA Publishing London and Scientific Times. He loves to keep himself updated on scientific developments and convert these developments into everyday language to update the readers about the developments in the scientific era. His primary research focus is Plant sciences, and he contributed to this field by publishing his research in scientific journals and presenting his work at many Conferences.
Shah graduated from the University of Agriculture Faisalabad (Pakistan) and started his professional carrier with Jaffer Agro Services and later with the Agriculture Department of the Government of Pakistan. His research interest compelled and attracted him to proceed with his carrier in Plant sciences research. So, he started his Ph.D. in Soil Science at MNS University of Agriculture Multan (Pakistan). Later, he started working as a visiting scholar with Texas A&M University (USA).
Shah’s experience with big Open Excess publishers like Springers, Frontiers, MDPI, etc., testified to his belief in Open Access as a barrier-removing mechanism between researchers and the readers of their research. Shah believes that Open Access is revolutionizing the publication process and benefitting research in all fields.
Han Ju
Reviewer
Hello! I'm Han Ju, the heart behind World Wide Journals. My life is a unique tapestry woven from the threads of news, spirituality, and science, enriched by melodies from my guitar. Raised amidst tales of the ancient and the arcane, I developed a keen eye for the stories that truly matter. Through my work, I seek to bridge the seen with the unseen, marrying the rigor of science with the depth of spirituality.
Each article at World Wide Journals is a piece of this ongoing quest, blending analysis with personal reflection. Whether exploring quantum frontiers or strumming chords under the stars, my aim is to inspire and provoke thought, inviting you into a world where every discovery is a note in the grand symphony of existence.
Welcome aboard this journey of insight and exploration, where curiosity leads and music guides.
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